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Resources and References

This page contains important information pertaining to CEP’s Use of Antipsychotics in Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Discussion Guide: Long Term Care Edition.

Including:

  • Supporting Materials from the Discussion Guide: Supporting Materials were identified, reviewed and selected by CEP for inclusion in the Discussion Guide
  • References from the Discussion Guide: List of References from Page 8 of the Discussion Guide
  • Additional Resources relevant to the Topic: These resources have not been vetted by CEP, but have been identified as being relevant to the topic area and are provided for your interest.

Links have been provided where freely available.

SUPPORTING MATERIALS

Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence (ABC) Chart Form – Chart form to help providers determine and document the events/stimuli that impact behavior.

Antipsychotic Medicines for People with Dementia - Patient handout to help individuals make decisions on antipsychotic use, and monitor their loved one’s behaviours and symptoms over time.

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and Dementia – Advisories, Warnings and Recalls for Health ProfessionalsAdvisory concerning atypical antipsychotic treatment of behavioral disorders in elderly patients, which is associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality. [June 2005]

BEHAVE-ADClinical rating scale to measure behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia based upon information obtained from caregivers/informants.

Behavioural Supports Ontario (BSO) Integrated network designed to provide services and supports to individuals with behaviours associated with complex mental health, dementia, and other neurological conditions living in long-term care.

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – Rating scale of 24 symptom constructs used to assess the positive, negative, and affective symptoms of individuals.

Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) – Inventory questionnaire of grouped agitated behaviors to assess the frequency and severity of these behaviours in elderly persons.

Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) – Diagnostic algorithm/questionnaire for identification of delirium through formal cognitive testing.

Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia – Scale for assessing signs and symptoms of major depression in people with cognitive impairment.

Dementia Observation System (DOS)Behaviour assessment tool which captures the frequency and duration of behaviours of concern over 24 hour periods.

Kingston Standardized Behavioural Assessment (KSBA)Behaviour analysis tool designed to indicate the number of behavioural symptoms associated with dementia affecting an individual patient.

Meaning and Solutions for Behaviours in Dementia InventoryDementia-related behaviors, including possible causess and solutions for management as a starting point for discussion with caregiver(s).

Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home Version (NPI – NH)Tool to characterize the neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychopathology of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias to measure the impact of antidementia and psychotropic drugs.

Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) – Pain assessment tool for individuals with advanced dementia including behaviour observation scores.

PIECESTM FrameworkInterdisciplinary approach to understanding and enhancing care for individuals with complex physical/cognitive/mental health need and behaviour changes.

Psychotropic Medication Consent Discussion Tool – Aid for initiating antipsychotic medications and key discussion items for informed consent from patients or substitute decision makers.

Reference List of Drugs with Anticholinergic EffectsReference list of drugs with low, moderate, and high anticholinergic effects, including side effects and preferred alternatives.

Risperidone - Restriction of the Dementia IndicationAlert for the restriction of risperidone and related antipsychotic use to patients with severe dementia of the Alzheimer type unresponsive to non-pharmacological approaches and when there is a risk of harm to self or others. [February, 2015] Note: Although recent alert is specific for risperidone, other antipsychotics have similar concerns; however, unlike risperidone, others lack an official indication in BPSD.

Treating Disruptive Behaviour in People with Dementia (Patient Material)Statements on how to treat disruptive behaviours without antipsychotic drug use.

*These supporting materials are hosted by external organizations, and as such the accuracy and accessibility of their links are not guaranteed. CEP will make every effort to keep these links up to date.

 

REFERENCES

McShane R. What are the syndromes of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia? Int Psychoger 2000; 12(Supp S1):147-153.

Rabheru K. Practical tips for recognition and management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. CGS Journal of CME 2011; 1(1):17-22.

Miltenberger RG. Behavior modification: principles and procedure, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth; 2008.

Schindel Martin L. The Dementia Observation System: a useful tool for discovering the person behind the illness. Long-Term Care 1998; November/December:19-22.

Cohen-Mansfield J, Marx MS, Rosenthal AS. A description of agitation in a nursing home. J Gerontol Med Sci 1989; 44(3):M77-M84.

Hopkins RW, Kilik LA. Kingston Standardized Behavioural Assessment. 2015. Available from: http://www.kingstonscales.org/behaviour-assessment.html.

Inouye S, van Dyck C, Alessi C, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz R. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. Ann Inter Med 1990; 113(12):941-48.

Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2003; 4(1):9-15.

Hamilton P, Harris D, LeClair K, Collins J. Putting the P.I.E.C.E.S.TM together; a model for collaborative care and changing practice; a learning resource for providers caring for older adults with complex physical and cognitive/mental needs and behavioural Changes, 6th ed. Shop for Learning Publishing Services; 2008. Used with permission P.I.E.C.E.S.TM Canada Consult Group.

Sorbi S, Hort J, Erkinjuntti T, Fladby T, Gainotti G, Gurvit H et. al. EFNS-ENS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of disorders associated with dementia. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19(9):1159-79.

Livingston G, Johnston K, Katona C, et al. Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1996e2021.

Seitz DP, Brisbin S, Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Wilson K, Gill SS et. al. Efficacy and feasibility of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in long term care: a systematic review. JAMDA 2012; 13(6):503-6.e2.

Vernooij-Dassen M. Meaningful activities for people with dementia. Aging Ment Health 2007; 11(4):359-60.

Behavioural Supports Ontario. Behavioural Supports Ontario (BSO) [Internet]. Available from: http://brainxchange.ca/Public/Resource-Centre-Topics-A-to-Z/Behavioural-Supports-Ontario.aspx.

Herrmann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacologic recommendations for the symptomatic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia 2012. Alzheimer’s Res Ther 2013; 5(Suppl 1):S5.

Conn D, Gibson M, McCabe D. 2014 CCSMH guideline update - the assessment and treatment of mental health issues in long term care homes: (focus on mood and behaviour symptoms). Toronto: Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health (CCSMH); 2014.

Conn D, Gibson M. National guideline for seniors’ mental health: the assessment and treatment of mental health issues in long term care homes (focus on mood and behaviour symptoms). Toronto: Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health (CCSMH); 2006.

Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia: recommendations for family physicians. Can Fam Phys 2014; 60:433-8.

Feldman S. Psychotropic medication consent discussion tool. Baycrest Health Sciences: University of Toronto; 2015.

Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, et. al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011; 306(12):1359-69.

Maglione M, Ruelaz Maher A, Hu J, Wang Z, Shanman R, Shekelle PG, et. al. Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics: an update. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 43. Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality US; 2011.

American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60(4):616-31.

Maust DT, Kim HM, Seyfried LS, Chiang C, Kavanagh J, Schneider LS et. al. Antipsychotics, other psychotropics, and the risk of death in patients with dementia: number needed to harm. JAMA Psych 2015; 72(5):438-45.

Health Canada. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and dementia–advisories, warnings and recalls for health professionals [Internet].2005.Available from:http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2005/14307a-eng.php.

Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismai lMS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. NEJM 2006; 355:1525-38.

Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 294(15):1934-43.

Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, et al. The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:151-57.

Declercq T, Petrovic M, Azermai M, Vander Stichele R, DeSutter AI, vanDriel ML et.al. Withdrawal versus continuation of chronic antipsychotic drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 28:3.

Pan YJ, Wu CS, Gau SS, Chan HY, Banerjee S. Antipsychotic discontinuation in patients with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2014; 37(3-4):125-40.

Muench J, Hamer A. Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. Am Fam Phys 2010; 81(5):617-22.

Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S. Prescribing guidelines in psychiatry, 11th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.

Bezchlibnyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ, Procyshyn RM, Virani AS,ed. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs,17th ed. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2007.

bpacnz. Prescribing atypical antipsychotics in general practice. BPJ 2011; 40:14-23.

Pharmacists Letter, Prescribers Letter. Comparison of Atypical Antipsychotics PL Detail-Document #281006. Stockton,CA: Therapeutic Research Center; 2012.

University of Iowa College of Public Health. Antipsychotic medicines for people with dementia [Internet]. Iowa:University of Iowa; 2013. Available from:https://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/IGEC/IAAdapt/view/Antipsychotic_consumer.pdf.

Reisberg B et.al. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psych 1987; 45(5Suppl):9-15.

Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS): recent developments in ascertainment and scaling. Psychopharmacol Bulletin 1988; 24:9-99.

Alexopolous GS, Abrams RC, Young RC,Shamoian CA. Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23:271-84.

Danieli E. Meaning and solutions for behaviours in dementia inventory. [Internet] Toronto:Mount Sinai Hospital; 2013. Available from:http://www.mountsinai.on.ca/care/psych/patient-programs/geriatric-psychiatry/prc-dementia-resources-for- primary-care/dementia-toolkit-for-primary-care/responsive-behaviours-in-dementia.

Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric inventory – nursing home version (NPI–NH) [Internet].1994. Available from:http://www.npitest.net.

Bareham J. Anticholinergics: reference list of drugs with anticholinergic effects [Internet]. RxFiles; 2014. Available from: http://www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/uploads/documents/Psych-BPSD-Newsletter.pdf.

Health Canada. Risperidone - restriction of the dementia indication [Internet]. 2015. Available from: http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2015/43797a-eng.php.

Choosing Wisely Canada. Canadian Geriatrics Society: Treating disruptive behaviour in people with dementia: antipsychotic drugs are usually not the best choice [Internet].Choosing Wisely Canada; 2014. Available from:http://www. choosingwiselycanada.org/materials/treating-disruptive-behaviour-in-people-with-dementia-antipsychotic-drugs-are-usually-not-the-best-choice/.

 

Disclaimer

Any such summary statements may suffer from seeming to under-appreciate the complexity of very challenging situations. Thus, the art of day-to-day application needs to accompany good intentions. We trust that the “detail” in this document and in our academic detailing discussions will be part of exploring answers to such challenging problems. Thank you for your efforts, big or small, in working to address these challenges!